New safety interview questions and answers

Safety interview Question & Answer

1. What is Safety ?
It is a condition which gives you freedom from hazard, risk, accident which may cause injury, damage and loss to material or property damage and even death.
2. What is accident ?
 An accident is an unpleasant,unexpected,un intended event that results in injury,loss of life,property loss and /or damage to the environment.

 So we can conclude all accidents are incidents;but all incidents are accidents.

 Accidents can be further classified based on the magnitude(severity) of the danger to  life and or/to property.
3. What is injury ?
Injury is an external damage to the human body, disturbence,disfunction resulted from an accident.
4. What is hazard ?
A hazard is a situation,condition,process,material or thing that may cause an injury or illness to a person.

Example situation:

             Working lone

Example condition:

 Heatstress ,cold wind,heavy rain.

Example process:

  Working in high noise machinery

Example material:

     Handling radioactive materials,uranium,gama
5. What is risk ?
In probability of the realization of potential for loss or damage or injury.
6. What is incident?
Incident is an undeasired event that may result in loss of life,loss of property, and/or damage to the environment.

It could also be expressed as an undisered event that could down grade the busssiness/operation/process.
7. What is safety policy?
Any company has a social and legal obligation to provide a safe and health working environment to all his improvement to all his employees.
8. What is safety audit?
The safety audit is the process that identifies un-safe conditions and unsafe acts the plant and recommended safety improvement.
Walk through It evaluates the unsafe condition notice able to naked eye during work through the plant. ( Stores, civil work, erection work)
Inter mediate-more details study and review of plant design and plant operation.
Comprehensive –It evaluates the safety factors in the plant on the base engineering, analysis, testing, measurement.
9. What is safety tag?
Safety tag can be defined a surface made of card board or paper board on which English local languages letters written for warning safety instructions to employees.
10. What is safety programme?
Safety programme can be defined as five methods by which accident can be prevent easily they are engineering, education, enforcement, enthusiasm and example safety programmes are plain spoken and carry out certain legal steps.
11. What is attitude?
Attitude may be described as continuous behavior .if man’s behavior is good, then his action will be either correct or safe.
12. what is emergency planning?
Emergency planning can defined as a control measurer. It can control the accidents safe guard people and provide information to media.
13. What is work permit system?
Work permit system is a “ written documents” for permission to undertake a job by area in charge or it is written document issued by the area in charge to the performer to under take the specific job.
14. What is work at height?
Any work above 2 meters from ground is caused work at height.
15. What is confined space?
An area which is small and enclosed or an area where one entry and exits or where a man cannot work comfortable in any location is caused confined space.
16. What is excavation?
Marking a hole or tunnel by digging the ground by man or machine is called excavation.
17. What is scaffolding?
It is a temporary platform constructed for supporting both men and materials
and working safety at a construction site.
18. What is welding?
The process of joining of metals either by electrical or by gas is called welding.
19. What is gas cutting ?
The process of joining of cutting metals by using oxygen and combustible gas is called gas cutting.
20. What is sand blasting?
The process of removing rust dust, dirt, scales and old prints from the old surface using compressed air is called sand blasting.
21. What is painting?
The process after sand blasting is called painting .
22. What is LEL?
The minimum concentration of vapour, gasses and dust in air below which propagation of flame does not occur on contact with a source of ignition is called LEL.
23. What is UEL?
The maximum proporation of vapour, gasses and dust in air above which proposal the flame does not occur on contact with a source of ignition is called UEL.
24. What is manual handing?
The process of lifting, carrying and stacking materials by men is called manual handing.
25. What is house keeping?
House keeping means not only cleanness but also orderly arrangement of operations, tools, equipments storage facilities and suppliers.
26. What is personal protective equipment?
It is an equipments used to project the person from hazards such dust, dirt, fumes and sparks etc. It is the barrier between hazard and person.
27. What is grinding?
Grinder is a portable machine with a wheel guard in position to reduced the danger.
28. What is Crane?
A tall machine used for moving heavy objects by suspending them from a projecting arm with hook.
29. What is fork lift truck?
Fork lift truck are designed to handle heavy loads.
30. What is JSA?
The procedure of analyzing job for the specific purpose of finding the hazards and developing .
31. What are the duties of a safety officer?
Prepare tool box talk
Prepare monthly statistics
Prepare the checklist
Accident reports
Management meetings
Arrange the safety classes/training
Arrange monthly safety bulletin
Inspection of fire extinguisher
Arrange first aid training classes
Arrange safety competitions like quiz, slogan, poster competitions exhibition etc.
32. What are the duties of a supervisor?
He has to instruct this workers about the work methods and procedures.
He has to maintain discipline among the workers
He has to supply necessary materials
He has to control quality and cost of the job
He has to guide has workers in doing a job in the correct and safe way
He has to supply suitable personal protective equipment to his workers
He should conduct periodical safety meetings.
He should conduct safety inspection of his working area
He should know about the fire fight equipments
He should know investigate the accident and find out the cause of accident
33. What are the pre cautions for welding?
1. Remove all combustion material from the place of welding
2. Clear the work area and cover wooden floor with fire proof mats. ( Welding mechanic should be kept with in the visibility of the welders.
3. Erect fire resistance screen around the work
4. All welding cables should be fully insulted
5. All welding mics shall be double earthed
6. Welding area should be dry and free from water
7. Keep the fire extinguisher / sand really
8. Use leather hand gloves, goggles and helmets
9. Switch off the power when welding is stopped
10. Do not allow the helper to do welding
11. Do not shift he welding cable unless the electric power is switched off.
12. Do not allow the helper to carry the welding. Terminal of the welding cables should be provided 3-cable with lugs and kept tight.
13. Oxygen hose in black and Acetylene hose in red in color as per standard
14. NRV of the blow torches should be maintained properly avoid back fire
15. Welders should be trained properly
16. Cylinders should be stored in a cold dry place away bottom heat and direct sunlight.
17. Proper house keeping, good ventilation in the working area
18. Smoking should be avoided from welding area
19. Hose connection should be proper made
20. Barricade the work area and put a sign board
21. Rolling of cylinders should be avoided
22. Flash back arrestor should be attached in each cylinders
23. Any leakage of cylinder should be kept separately
34. What is the precaution for gas cutting?
1. Keep fire extinguisher nearby
2. Keep fire watch near by
3. Remove all combustible from work area
4. Use all necessary PPE
5. Never put welding gas cylinder in side a confined space
6. Hoses shall not be laid in path ways
7. Gas cutting torch should have flash back arrestors
8. Gas test to be done to check for presence of flammable gas in site.
9. Good house keeping and ventilation necessary in working area.
10. Hose connections should be made properly
35. What are the precaution for “sandblasting”?
1. Compressed airline, hoses and other fitting must installment firmly with out leaks the hose.
2. Mis use compress are should be avoided
3. A fresh air hood or mask must be worn
4. House keeping can be done period cally
5. Fire extinguish her shall be kept near by
6. Dust mask ear plugs / muffs should be used
7. No sand blasting shall be done on top of floating roof tank in service.
8. Use goggles & face shield
9. Sand blasting operation must be gas free
36. What are the precaution for “painting”?
1. All flammable material should be cleared from the work area
2. The required protective clothing and equipment must be worn
3. Cartridge respirators shall always be worn
4. Adequate ventilation is necessary
5. Adequate washing facilities must be readily available
6. Barrier cream should be applied to the skin
37. What are the hazards in welding?
Eye injury
Burn injury Arc realization
Electrical shock Light arc radiation
Heat, light and radiation effect Heat fume
Poisonous gases Chipped price of weld metal
Fire
Explosion Scattering
Noise Sparking
Sparking
Flying sand
38. What are hazards and injuries in manual handing?
1. Cutting fingers due to sharp edges
2. Burns due to handing of hot articles
3. Foot injuries due to dropped articles
4. Slipped disc due to improper posture in lifting on object
5. Strains to wrist or fingers
6. Sprains, wounds hernias, fractures
39. Cause of accidents in manual handling?
1. Improper lifting
2. Carrying too heavy loads
3. Improper gripping
4. Failure to use PPE
5. Lifting greasy, oily and irregular objects
6. Poor physique
40. What precautions are need to avoid accident in manhandling?
1. Stand at safe distance from the load
2. Sharp edge and burns are removed before lifting a material.
3. PPE such as safety gloves and safety shoes are to be used.
4. If the weight is too heavy for one person to lift, then he has to seek the assistance.
5. The pathway is not blocked by obstacles while carrying the load.
6. The different actions, movements and forces necessary while carrying the load.
7. Modify the task by using hooks and crow bars.
8. Mechanical equipments like cranes shall be used.
9. Modify the objects
10. Change the way things are used.
41. Tips for manuals handling?
1. Plan
2. Clear the path
3. Move in close to the load
4. Secure your grip
5. Hold your head upright
6. Maintain normal curves of the spine
7. Power the lift with legs and body weight
8. Don’t twist
42 Cause of accidents in mechanical handling?
1. The sudden failure of wire rope or a chain
2. Slipping of the load from the sling
3. Swinging of the load at the time of lifting
4. The load sometimes hits the man
43. What are the accidents in “poor house keeping”?
1. Men getting hit by failing from overhead
2. Men slipping as greasy, wet or dirty floor
3. Men failing in open tank without cover in level floor
4. Accidents due to poor lighting
5. Fire accidents due to faulty electrical wires
44. What are the advantages in good house keeping?
1. It helps in the reduction of accidents including fire accidents
2. It saves the property damages
3. It improves employee moral
4. Better productivity
5. Working area be-comes presentable
6. Human energy is conserved
7. Visitors are very much satisfied
8. The burden of supervisor is reduced
45. How to care and maintenance of hand tools?
1. Tools must be kept clean and free from corrosion
2. Keep metal parts lightly oiled
3. Remove burrs from edges of tools and heads of chisels.
4. Tools which are not in used must be stored separately
5. A good worker regularly inspects his tools
6. Do not use tools without handles
46. How to prevent accidents of “power tools”?
1. The operators should wear face shields or safety glasses
2. Power tools should be placed in the store room after use
3. power tools should have protected by guards
4. Pneumatic hoses or electric cables of power tools should not pass through passage ways.
5. The electrical power tools should be properly earthed
6. Never horse play with hose of pneumatic tools
7. Power tools machines should be maintained and operated properly.
47. What are the causes of accidents of “hard tools”?
1. Due to wrong way using of tools.
2. Due to defective condition of tools
3. Due to failure of using right tools for right job
4. Due to wrong way of carrying tools
5. Due to strong of tools un safety
48 What precautions are necessary in electrical work?
1. All electrical installations shall be as per Indian electricity rules
2. Only competent persons should handle the electrical equipments
3. The equipments should be earthed properly
4. All temporary electric lines should be drawn at least above man’s height
5. Cable should be completely insulted
6. Cable should not have any joints
7. Only connection for one point
8. Good house keeping on the area
9. Fire protection equipment to be kept near by
10. Use rubber gloves and rubber boots
11. Use good quality of wire
12. Power isolation close to the job
13. Use three pin plug instead of loose wire
14. Never operate any electrical equipment with wet hands
15. Never stand wet surface while working electrical equipments
16. During thunder storm do not stand under tree
17. Proper sign board is necessary
18. No person shall work on any live electrical conductor
19. The switch shall only be put on by person who switched it off
49. What are the hazards in construction?
1. Fall of person from top and getting injured
2. Fall of objects from top and below person injury
3. Fall of materials from top and damaged
4. Person fall into excavated pit
5. Collapse of soil and below person get injury or may
6. Damage of UG cables and sewage pipe
7. Collapse of scaffolding and person fall from height, get injury
8. Electrical shock
9. Fire and explosion
10. Burn injury
11. Health and lung problems
12. Snakes bite
13. Poisonous gas
14. Foreign body in eye
50. Cause of accident in construction?
1. Erection equipment failure
2. Falling of persons from height
3. Electrical shocks
4. Improper lighting
5. Non stop working by worker
6. Up safe work methods
7. Collapsing of earth during trench excavation
8. Failure of use safety equipment
9. Working a height without safety belt
51 General safety precautions in construction?
1. Adequate first aid equipment should be kept ready
2. Adequate fire fighting equipment should be available
3. All general electrical rules should be followed
4. suitable lighting arrangements should be necessary at night work
5. Work men at height should be wear safety belts
6. Work men handling cement should be provided with goggles, rubber gloves and rubber boots by nose mask.
7. The moving parts of grinding machines used construction site should be covered with guards
8. The moving parts of grinding machines used construction site should be covered with guards
9. Excavated material should not kept near the excavated
10. Very short duration of work red flags must be hoisted and more duration red banners must be stretched
11. Defective tools should not be used
12. The worker should not carry tools in his hands when climbing a ladder
13. Excavation should be guarded by suitable fencing
52. How to erect scaffolding?
1. It should be erected on levels firm ground
2. It erected by trained / skilled person
3. It is constructed using metal pipes and wooden boards
4. It should be design and constructed from good and sound material
5. Not to be erected on loose earth
6. Clamps should fixed
7. Properly bracing
8. Sole plate is necessary the base of vertical pipe
53. Safety precaution of scaffold?
1. Wooden board not be painted
2. Wooden board should not to any cracks
3. Check for rust in pipes / clamps
4. Clamps should fixed and good quality
5. Boards thickness should be 3.4 cms and no bending
6. The construction must be rigid, properly based
7. Use of good and sound materials
8. The wooden bellies has not joints
9. Vertical poles should not be more than 6 feet
10. Chains, ropes used for the suspension of scaffoldings
11. Never throw any materials from height
12. Use safety harness while working at above 6 feet
13. Properly ties to be arrangement
54 What control measures area necessary in confined space?
1. Enter with air line BA sets
2. Use 24v flame proof hand lamps
3. A hole watch to be kept near man hole
4. Keep fire fighting equipment ready
5. Gas test to be done to check for oxygen level
6. Provide blowers
7. Don’t smoke in confined space
8. Use ropes and harness
9. The spaces clean before entry
10. Use non sparking tools it there is any risk of flammable vapors being present.
55. Safety rules when using ladders?
1. The foot wear is not greasy, oily and muddy and has a good grip on the rungs.
2. When climbing or coming down a ladder should be face the ladder side and had on with both hand.
3. Carry light tools in pockets in a shoulder bag.
4. Hold on with at least new hand if use of both hands then, use safety belt
5. Never climb higher than the third rung from the top on straight or second tired from the top on extension ladder.
6. Step ladder must be fully open and the divider locked
7. Metal ladder shall not be used near electrical equipments.
8. Metal ladder shall not be place on firm footing and at angle of 75
9. Any ladder found defect in any way should be marked do not use
10. Ladder shall not be placed on a box or drum.
11. Rubber protection on head and heel of a ladder is necessary.
56. Safety rules insuring oxygen cylinders?
1. Oxygen cylinders should not be kept near combustible materials.
2. Oxygen cylinders should not be handled with grassy hands or gloves.
3. Oxygen cylinders and their fittings should not be tested with oil based soap solution.
4. Oxygen cylinders and other combustible gas cylinders should not be stored together.
5. The top cover of the cylinder should be kept in position and screwed safety when not in use.
6. Cylinders should not be used as rollers for moving materials
7. Oxygen must not be use for ventilating confined spaces.
57. Safety rules in using compressed air?
1. Only authorized persons should used compressed air.
2. The body or clothes should not be cleaned with compressed air.
3. Compressed air hose pipes should not be placed across passage ways
4. Leakage of compressed air should not be tested with hands.
5. While working with tools run by compressed air safety shoes are to be used.
6. The tools should not be kept on position when not in use.
58. Handling of compressed gas cylinders?
1. They are not to be dragged or dropped
2. They should be stored in dry and well ventilated places
3. Chins and slings should not be used for lifting cylinders.
4. the caps of the cylinders should not be removed when they are not the use.
5. Cylinders should not be stored near hot sources
6. Acetylene cylinders should not be stored horizontally
7. Empty cylinders and fully cylinders should be stored separately
8. Leakage cylinders removed to open space and release the gas without getting ignited.
59. Storage of gas cylinders.
1. Cylinders should stored in a safe, dry and well ventilated store
2. Oxygen cylinders should be stored horizontally and acetylene cylinders shall be stored vertically.
3. The standing cylinders should be secured properly avoid falling.
4. Flammable gas shall be stored at least 50 feet away from another building
5. Oxygen cylinder shall never be stored necessary flammable gas cylinder
6. Empty cylinder shall be identified by marking with a chalk (MT) and checked for damage before returning to suppliers.
7. Cylinders should not be kept as supports.
60. Give a brief note about crane and LE?
1. Only authorized and competent person should operated cranes
2. The correct sling must be used for the load to be lifts
3. Lifting equipment must be certified from competent authority and mark with its SWL
4. Never be used for loads excess of its SWL
5. Cables and slings must be padded when passing over sharp edges of equipments
6. Check the condition of the ground before parking the crane and use out riggers
7. All moving parts must be guarded
8. Uncertified chains, ropes, slings and hooks should not be use
9. All slings to be inspected by third party inspectors
10. Never stand or work under a suspended load
11. Place the out riggers on firms ground
12. Guide ropes shall be used to control swing of lifted material
13. Never operate the crane at the time of speed wing
14. Lifting over live equipment should not be encouraged
15. The crane should under go periodical maintenance as per manufactures
61 Give brief note about fork lift truck?
1. Check breaks, lift tilt and tires.
2. Check the stability of load before moving it
3. Never leave your fork lift truck un-attend with motor running
4. Never park fork lift truck on passage way
5. Never drive with wet or greasy hands
6. Always drive with a safe speed and slow down at turning point
7. When driving without load forks about 6 inches above the floor or ground
8. Never operate trunk in gaseous area
9. Never carry a load so high that you can not head, If necessary operate truck in reverse
10. Avoid carrying lose materials on forks
11. Never allow one to go under elevated loads
12. Warn other employees to stand clear when staking or removing materials
13. Exhaust pipe should have flame arrestor
14. Fork should be lowered to the floor when the truck is unattended
15. Stay alert t all times
62 Give a brief about grinding?
1. Proper wheel shall be used a per the grinding M/c’s specification
2. All the grinding M/c’s shall be used with wheel guard
3. Grinding cables shall not mingle with welding cables
4. All the cables shall be protected from damage
5. Provide face shield with safety helmet
6. Never use fracture wheel
7. Excessive tighting of maintaining is dangerous
8. All guards should be in position before the machine operated
9. The speed of the grinding should match in the speeds of the grinding machines
10. Only skill person should be handle this work
11. Testing of wheel is necessary
63 Describe about vehicles and plants?
1. All vehicles requiring security vehicles pass
2. All drivers should have valid driving licence
3. Drivers should not use fork lift trucks for carrying passengers
4. All traffic regulations and speed limit should be strictly followed in side the plant area
5. All vehicles area in a road worthy condition
6. Vehicles park in the operation area must always unlocked with in ignition key in position
64 Precaution of excavation?
1. Excavation area should be suitable barricade
2. Put sign boards lights and flags
3. Avoid heavy vehicle coming near the sides
4. PPE like helmet, safety shoes should be used
5. Keep the excavated soil at least 5 feet distance
6. Excavated sides should be sloped bake to a safe angle
7. Hand excavation should be done at the present of UG pipes or cables place
8. Cutting shall be done from top to bottom
9. All narrow trenches 4 feet or more deep shall be supplied at least one ladder
10. While excavating on the slope on the slope whose height is over 10 feet men should use safety belts
65 What are advantages of JSA? ( Job safety Analysis)
1. It helps to identify hazards and prevent accident
2. It helps to establish safe work method, working conditions and suitable plant safety rules
3. It helps to asses the safety training four heading can be used for JSA.
4. It helps to inspection the plant
a) Name of operation for JSA
b) Description of the operation
c) Hazards
d) Precautions
66 What is tool box talk?
1. Job related safety aspects
2. Job related hazards / risk
3. Control / preventive measure
4. Adequacy of PPE’s / condition
5. Following safety rules / procedures
6. Safe work procedures / methods
67 Describe different types of hazards?
1. Mechanical hazards — in adequately guarded machines parts
2. Chemical hazards — of toxemic gasses, vapours, fumes, smoke in dust.
3. Electrical hazards : in adequately insulated line wires
4. Fire hazards – chemical reaction, electrical Arcs
5. Radiation hazards – dazzing light in fraved rays ultra violet rays
6. Pollution — water pollution & noise pollution
68 What is inspection?
1. Inspection means to fin out hazards according to checklist prepared with reference to the department operations by the people who are familiar with the plant.
69 Plant safety inspection by whom?
Safety officer
By line management personal
By senior management personnel
First line supervisor
By maintenance engineers
By workers
By safety committee
By statutory authorites
70 How many types inspection?
There are 5 types inspection ; pressures of boilers( supervisor)
1. Continuous inspection – select employees / operator
2. Periodical Inspection – material storage, fire fightingequipments, handling equipments
3. Intermittent inspection – un announced inspection done by safety officer, safety committee. ( Particular work spot)
4. Statutory inspection – storage area, location at height ( cranes, ropes, chains, it my tackles inspection)
5. Special inspection – accident investigation
Inspection of new building, general lighting, use of PPE’s etc. construction work.
71 What is safety management?
Safety management is an act and science of setting safety objectives of the industrial company.
72 What is accident investigation?
Accident investigation means to carried out immediately the occurrence of accident to find out real facts to avoid the future accident.
73 What is accident statistics?
It means to maintenance of accident details
74 How to investigate an accidents?
Injured persons name, address, designation age
Exact place and types of hazards
Date, shift, time
To find out the causes/ reasons
To take correction action
Fact finding not fault finding
75 How to report an accident?
1. Date and time
2. Activity
3. What happened
4. Person involved
5. What went wrong
6. Causes
7. Corrective action suggested
8. Signature
9. Safety officer
10. Safety in charge
11. Project manager
76 What is accident prevention?
Accident prevention may be defined as an integrated programme and directed to control un safe mechanical or physical condition.
77 Role of management in industrial safety?
1. A written safety policy be issued by the management’s towards men, material and machines.
2. The safety policy should bring out the management’s towards men, material machine.3
3. The safety policy should be circulated to top, middle and to workers
4. Management meeting should be in a position
5. Management should arrange for safety inspection ( once in 3 months ) and safety audit ( once in year) to be carried out.
78 Give a brief note about safety policy ?
1. The safety and heath of all employees is one of prime concerned of the company.
2. Every company will be require to the policy both in letter and in spirit.
3. the company shall comply straightly with act, laws, rules and regulations
4. The company shall impart raining in health safety and occupational health to all employees.
5. The company will adopt own safety and health standards where laws may not be available.
79 Safety in the use of hand trucks?
1. the truck should be inspected
2. The axles should be greased well
3. Safety shoes should be work by the operators.
4. The load should be balanced and the weight of the load should not fall on the axle
5. The hard cart should not be wider than the width of the hand truck.
6. The hard cart should be pushed and not pulled
7. The truck should not be placed on path ways.
80 How many types of safety?
There are three types of safety.
a. Plant safety b. Workers safety 3. Consumer safety
81. Human factors causing accidents?
1. Carelessness
2. Fooling bout it
3. Hurrying to increase production
4. Laziness in house keeping
5. Hurrying in Lunchtime
6. Lack of attention due to worry
7. Alcohol and drugs
8. Lack of skill and experience
9. Not using PPE
82. How many steps in safety?
There are 4 steps in safety
1. Policy
2. Implementation
3. Take advantages of factory act
4. Safe working conditions.
83. Write causes of accidents ?
Direct cause: Unsafe act and unsafe condition.
Indirect Cause: 1. Lack of knowledge or skill
2. Improper attitude
3. Physical or mental deficiency
84. Give some examples about unsafe act?
1. Operating any equipment without properly authority
2. Failure to warning
3. Operating at unsafe speed
4. Failure to use PPE
5. Using hands instead of tools and equipment
6. Unsafe loading or placing or stacking
7. Unsafe position/ posture
8. Working on moving equipments
9. Wearing loose clothes while working on running machine
10. Working at height without safety belt
85. Give some examples about un safe conditions?
1. Un guarded machine/ equipment
2. Poor lighting
3. Narrow road
4. Improper stacking
5. Oil on floor
6. Unsafe ventilation
7. Unsafe defective construction
8. Defective condition of tools and equipment
9. Unsafe method or procedure
10. Bad housekeeping
86. Write about accident sequence?
A personal injury occurs only as the result of an accidents
An accident occurs only as the result of a unsafe action or un safe mechanical or physical conditions or both.
Unsafe action or unsafe condition or mechanical or physical condition exist only because of faulting the part of persons.
Fault of persons acquires from the environment and the causes for lack of knowledge or skills or improper attitude.
87. Write a brief about classification of fire?
They are mainly five types of fire.
Class A Fire : Wood, paper, clothes, rubbers etc.
Class B Fire : Oil, grease, paint, petroleum etc.
Class C Fire : Acetylene, ethane, methane etc.
Class D Fire : Sodium, magnesium, potassium etc.
Class E Fire : Electrical equipment etc.
88. Write uses of extinguisher for purpose ?
1. Water type extinguisher – Class A fire (not be B & E)
2. Foam type extinguisher – Class B fire (S.B + A.S.= Co2)
3. Carbon dioxide extinguisher Class C Fire
4. DCP Extinguisher – Class C, D or E
89. What precaution are necessary for protect of fires ?
1. Buildings and plants shall be so laid out and roads, passage ways etc.
2. Doors and windows shall be located in suitable positions on all external walls of the building.
3. Smoking lighting or carrying matches are to be prohibited
4. Gas cylinders should not be stored near high flammable substances
5. Flammable liquids shall be stored in suitable containers with close fitting covers.
6. In every factory has to suitable fire fighting equipment
7. All fire fighting equipment shall be subjected to routine maintenance inspection and testing by proper trained persons.
8. Sufficient number of persons shall be trained in the proper handling of fire fighting equipment.
90. Precaution for burn person?
1. It fire catches a single person’s cloth; he should immediately roll on the floor.
2. No lotion of any kind should be applied on the burn area
3. In case of burns due to corrosive chemicals, the burn parts should be flooded with water
4. The burn area should be covered with dry sterile dressing
5. Physical shock of the person is treated by giving him weak tea or coffee
6. In major cases the patient should be sent to hospital as quickly as possible
91. Factory act?
Sec.’6’ Registration of a factory
Sec.’11’ Cleanliness
Sec.’13’ Ventilation and temperature
Sec.’17’ Lighting
Sec.’18,19’ Drinking water and sanitary
Sec.’23’ Employment of young person on dangerous mechanical
Sec.’28’ Hoist and lifts
Sec.’29’ Lifting machines and tackles
Sec.35’ protection of eyes
Sec.’36’ Precaution against danger furmes
Sec.’36(A)’ Use of portable electric light
Sec.’38’ Protection in case of fire
Sec.’40(A)’ Maintenance of building
Sec.40(B)’ Safety officers duty
Sec.’45’ First aid boxes
Sec.’111’ Obligation of workers
92. Personal protective equipments? P.P.E
1. Head protection – Hard hat, cap, and helmet
Made – aluminum, PVC, fiber glass, Plastic
Protect – heal, spark, danger materials
2. Face and eye protection – Spectacles, Welding goggles, face shield
Protect – flying particles, radation
3. Hand protection – Gloves, hand pads
Made – leather, rubber, PVC, asbestos
Protect – acid, oil grease, pure Alex rubber gloves electrical
4. Foot and leg protection – Safety shoes, gum boots, foot leg guard
Made – Metal, leather, rubber
Project – falling materials and electrical work
5. Body protection – Apron, hood, coverall, jacket
Made rubber, leather canvas, lead, PVC asbestos
Asbestos hood – Fire fighting
Rubber, PVC full suit – ( Corrosively liquid, fumes, vapour
Safety belts – work exceeds 3 mts
6. Ear production – earmuff – noise – 30 – 135DB
7. Ear plug – 115 – 120 DB
93. What is safety management?
Safety management is an art and science of setting safety objectives of the Industrial company and related activities of planning, administration, Improving, Various functions to achieve the safety objectives.
94. What are the objectives of safety management?
1. Taking care of workers and staff in the event of an accident
2. Providing health full environment and surrounding
3. Welfare
4. Continuous vigil and improvement
95. How many types of PPE?
There are two types of PPE
1. Respiratory 2. Non respiratory
Respiratory — Air supplied
— Air purified
Air supplied — Compressed air breathing apparatus set
Air purified — Cannisters gas mask
—- Chemical cartridges respirator
——– Surgical cotton mask
Dust filter mask (dust respirator)
96. How many types work permit?
There are two types of work permit
1. Cold work permit
2. Hot work permit
The hot work permit further classified into 3 types
Normal hot work permit
Blanket hot work permit
Delegate hot work permit
97. What is blanket permit?
A blanket permit is a permit issued on the basis of location where the multiple jobs are to be carried out at safe location.
98. What is delegated work permit?
Delegated work permit used for areas requiring light control. Ex : Fabrication, yards – valid – 30 days
99. How many types of accidents?
There are 4 types of accidents
1. Near miss accident – escape
2. No lost time reported 48hrs. before
3. Los time – reported 48hrs. after
4. Fated – Death
100. Heinrich accident ratio?
Major injury
Minor injury
No injury
Bird accident ratio?
Serious
Minor
Property damage
No visible injury
101. How to control risk?
The risk is control by following process they are eliminate, replace, reduce, control and PPE.
102. What are the hazards in chemical safety?
1. Danger due to fire/ explosion
2. Danger due to toxicity
103. How to control the chemical hazards?
The chemical hazards are control by engineering method, administrative method and PPE.
104. Give a brief note about act related with session?
The factory Act – 1948 Petroleum Act – 1934
The mines Act – 1952 Water Act – 1974
Automatic energy Act – 1962 Air Act – 1948
Railways Act – 1890
Indian electricity Act – 1910
Indian boilers Act – 1884
Workmen compensation Act – 1948
Employee’s state insurance Act – 1948
105. What is first aid?
Firs aid is temporary and immediate care given to the victim of an accident.
106. What are the hazards in petroleum industry?
1. Fire, 2. Explosion, 3. General hazards, 4. Frostbite
107. How to control the petroleum hazards
1. Proper design, operation and maintenance
2. Avoid leakage
3. Steel pressure cylinder
4. Vapor release is to be directed away from heat sources
5. Wear goggles and SCBA sets
108. What are the causes of industrial accidents?
1. Inadequate skill, improper supervision etc.
2. Rapid industrialization
3. Expansion of exiting factories
4. Setting up new industries involving hazards not known earlier
109. What are the responsibility for workers for safety?
1. Report unsafe condition to supervisor
2. Do not operate the machine without knowing the operation
3. Before starting the machine, whether the machine is in condition not
4. Use correct tools
5. Follow the safety rules
6. Always do not horse play
7. Do not lift over load
8. Do not chit on at with others
110. What general precautions are necessary while driving?
1. Follow all traffic rules, signs and signals
2. Do not exceed the speed limit
3. Take ten minute break after every 2 hours on long driving
4. Drive in correct gear
5. Keep both hand on steering wheel
6. Do not drive if you are not filling well or feting sleep
7. Slow down while passing junctions, corners, crowded places and parking
111. What are cause of road accident?
1. Not following defensive arriving techniques
2. Not observing lane displine
3. Overtaking on turns or from wrong side
4. Not obey traffic signals
5. Poor road condition
6. Poor maintained vehicle
112. What are belongs to road safety?
1. The speed limits displayed along the road should be strictly
2. Short cuts and cutting across the corners should be avoid
3. No body should try to cross the level crossing when drop gates are closed
4. Signal given blocking the road ‘ stop’ look, listen and proceed should be followed.
113. What is factory act?
The factory act is a social enactment to achieve social reform and given liberal construction to achieve legislative.
114. What are main provision in the factory act?
Health, safety, welfare, hours of work, employment, person, occupational disease, special provision and penalties and procedures.
115. What the advantages of ventilation
1. It helps to reduce the chances of fire or explosion
2. It protects the occupational diseases
3. It provides comfort to the workmen
116. What the role of government in industrial safety?
The Govt. responsible for protection workers, consumers from dangers at work, on the road, in the air in the water, from air and water pollution etc.
117. How does the workers health influence ?
The workers health influences by occupational factors – physical, chemical, biological, social.
Non occupational factors – food, cloth, water, housing, smoking & alcohol etc.
118. How is audit conducted?
1. Preliminary visit and understanding the factory
2. Identify the audit element
3. Prepare the questionnaire
4. Get the reply from the company
5. Discussion with management, executives & workers.
6. Cross Verification at site
7. Preparation of report.
119 What are the procedures for work permit?
3 copies of the permit
At the work site.
In the permit file
On the permit board.
120. How many types of appliance
1. Safety appliance for PPE
2. Safety appliance for general protection
121. What are causes of accident of working at height (Personal)?
a. Lack of knowledge and skill
b. over work
c. Feeling of dizziness
d. Non usage of PPEs like safety belt cygnet
e. Unsafe platform (Not covered having floor openings)
f. Improper erecting
g. Unlearning work at height?
122. Control measure of work at height ?
i. Use safety belt with proper anchoring above head.
ii. Special training must be given before starting the job.
iii. All scaffolds must be erected by skill persons.
iv. No work after sun set
v. Every platform should free from unnecessary obstruction
vi. Grease, mud, paint removed from working platform
123. What is earthling?
Earthling means connecting the natural point of the supply system to the general mass of the earth by line.
124. What is ELCB?
It is protection of living beings under electro charging by fast isolation from the live conductor to avoid permanent disability or death.
125. Precaution for electric shock
Use dry hard gloves & rubber sole, safety boots, gum boots
The electric holder must be fully insulted
Proper protection for the body
During chipping of slag use white goggles
126. What is term card
It is legal requirements in case of emergency in violin vehicles carrying hazards substance.
127. What are audit elements
OS & H policy, educational training, safety manual and rules, new equipments, safety inspection, machine guarding, material handling safe operating procedures noise.
128. What are five rules of forth job
1. Select the right ladders forth job
2. Inspect ladder before you see it
3. Setup the ladder with care
4. Climb in carefully
5. Use safe practices
129. What are 4 Ps
Procedure – Rules, regulation
Protective gear – PPE
Promotional aspects – Competitions, rewards
Publicity – Bulleting, posters
130. How many types of sign boards
Mandatory
Information
Fire or explosion
Caution
Wiring
131. What is TWA ? – for 8 Hrs. exposure perday
It is define as the limit of air bone concentration of substances under which personnel may be exposed for 8 hrs. per day without any adverse effect.
132. What is STEL 0 for 15 minutes continuous exposure
It is considered as maximum allowable concentration not to be exceeded at any time during 15 minutes continuous expose period.
It is a maximum on concentration to which works or can be exposed to a period of to15 minutes continuously without suffering from irritation.
133. What are the duties of a factory inspector ?
He takes up the license and registration of factories
He also verify the documents related to factory workers
He suggests suitable and welfare measures
134. What are welfare measures of factory act ?
Adequate and suitable washing facilities should be provided
Facilities for sitting during rest hours should be provided
If more than 250 workers are employed in a factory a canteen facility shall be provided.
Shelters rest rooms and drinking water shall be provided.
Welfare officer shall be employed where than 50 workers are working.
135. What is safety inventory system ?
It is a safety date collecting technique and carried out to promote full employee co-operation condition in the implementation of the company’s safety surveys.
136. What is safety surveys ?
Safety surveys are made to have detailed observations of all types of unsafe physical and environment conditions as well as unsafe practices committed the health and comfort or workers.
137. what is industrial hygiene ?
Industrial hygiene is defined as the art and science of the presentation and improvement of the health and comfort of workers.
138. What are belongs to un hygienic working environment ?
Presence of toxic,
High temp.
Excessive noise
Emission of radiation
Improper lighting
Improper ventilation
Process involving handling of poisonous.
139. What is ingestion ?
Entry of harmful materials through mouth is called ingestion
140. What is inhalation ?
Entry of harm full materials through mouth is called ingestion
141. What are of four legs of fire safety ?
Fire protection
Fire prevention
Quantity control
Preventive Maintenance
142. What are the important points to be observed for fire prevention ?
Good house keeping
No smoking
Use of fire resistant paint
Electrical safety
Fire check doors
Noked flame safety
Separate storage of hazardous chemicals
143. Safety Triangle – Green ?
Safety day – 4th March
Fire Day – 14th April
Hot Work – Red or pink
Cold Work – Green
Confined – Blue
Radiography – Yellow
Water type extinguisher – Red
Foam type extinguisher – Cream (green)
Co2 extinguisher Black
DCR extinguisher Blue
144. What is lathe ?
Lathe is an equipment use for cutting, threading, millingor facing etc.
145. What is Noise ?
Up wanted sound which causes irritation to the ears caused by mechanical movement.
146. What is respiration ?
The process of inhaling fresh hair and exhaling, to entering a confined place is called respiration.
147. What is hot work permit ?
Any work which involves spark flame, temperature is called HWP
148. What is cold work permit ?
Any work which does not involved production of spark flame, heat, temp. is called
149. What
A form on energy resulting from the existence of charged parites by dynamically as a current.
It requires for worker on electrical equipments, machinery, cables, switch boards, pumps and other distribution boards.
150. What is radiography ?
It is conducted to check the welding joints for any blow holes defects through x-ray.
151. What is vehicles / Mobile permit ?
The permit is required for taking any vehicle are mobile equipments having a diesel equipment having a diesel or petrol operated engine in to hazardous area.
152. What are risks in vehicle permit ?
1. Sparks, 2. Accidents 3. Pollution
153. Control measures of vehicles permit ?
Fitted spark arrester
Speed 30 km./hours
Proper warring lights
No over load
Correct parking
Pollution check
3rd party inspection
154. Control measures of radiography?
Barricade the area
Remove all un-necessary persons away from site
Check radiation level with dosimeter
Use lead shields
Put a sign board
Risk tissue damaged
Use special filter glass
Use lead coated aprons

155. what is unsafe act?

             The act an action of a worker resulting in poor safety performance (or) injury to the person,damage ,and loss of property or damage to the environment.

156. what is unsafe condition?

               The factor which can lead to an incident or accident is called unsafe condition.

Example:

         Unguarded machine,poorly protected excavation

157. what is corrective action?

          The temperory safety measures taken to protect or control thework place hazard is called corrective action.

158. what is preventive action?      

        The permenent safety measures taken to prevent the recurence of incident or accident forever is called preventive action.

159.what is temporary partial disability?

              The victim is resembled for a short period with a minor or moderate injury.

The victim can regain his orginal working capacity.

160. what is permenent partial disability?

             The victim is permenently is disable but the disability is not total he can be  given light duty again.

161. what is temporary total disability?

                The disability is total and not able to work at all but after certain period of time the victim can work but can do only very lite work hear after.

162. what is permenent total disbility?

    The disbility is total cannot work at all.time cannot cure the disbility

Crane safety

 Moving the Load –Crawler & Wheel Mounted Cranes

Assure that:

•          The crane is level and where necessary blocked properly.

•          The load is well secured and properly balanced in the sling or lifting device before it is lifted more than a few inches.

Before starting to hoist, the following conditions must be noted:

•          Hoist rope must not be kinked.

•          Multiple part lines must not be twisted around each other.

•          The hook must be brought over the load in such a manner as to prevent swinging.

During hoisting care must be taken that:

•          There is no sudden acceleration or deceleration of the moving load.

•          The load does not contact any obstructions.

Side loading of booms must be limited to freely suspended loads. Cranes must not be used for

dragging loads sideways.

No hoisting, lowering, swinging, or traveling may be done while anyone is on the load or hook.

On truck-mounted cranes, no loads must be lifted over the front area except as approved by the crane

manufacturer.

The operator must test the brakes each time a load approaching the rated load is handled by raising it

a few inches and applying the brakes.

Outriggers must be used when the load to be handled at that particular radius exceeds the rated load without outriggers as given by the manufacturer for that crane. Where floats are used they must be securely attached to the outriggers. Wood blocks used to support outriggers must:

•          Be strong enough to prevent crushing.

•          Be free from defects.

•          Be of sufficient width and length to prevent shifting or toppling under load.

Neither the load nor the boom must be lowered below the point where less than two full wraps of rope remain on their respective drums.

Before lifting loads with locomotive cranes without using outriggers, means must be applied to

prevent the load from being carried by the truck springs.

When two or more cranes are used to lift one load, one designated person must be responsible for the operation. He must be required to analyze the operation and instruct all personnel involved in the proper positioning, rigging of the load, and the movements to be made.

In transit the following additional precautions must be exercised:

•          The boom must be carried in line with the direction of motion.

•          The superstructure must be secured against rotation, except when negotiating turns when there is an operator in the cab or the boom is supported on a dolly.

•          The empty hook must be lashed or otherwise restrained so that it cannot swing freely.

Before traveling a crane with load, a designated person must be responsible for determining and controlling safety. Decisions such as position of load, boom location, ground support, travel route, and speed of movement must be in accord with his determinations.

A crane with or without load must not be traveled with the boom so high that it may bounce back

over the cab.

When rotating the crane, sudden starts and stops must be avoided. Rotational speed must be such that the load does not swing out beyond the radii at which it can be controlled. A tag or restraint line must be used when rotation of the load is hazardous.

When a crane is to be operated at a fixed radius, the boom-hoist pawl or other positive locking device

must be engaged.

Ropes must not be handled on a winch head without the knowledge of the operator.

While a winch head is being used, the operator must be within convenient reach of the power unit

control lever. 

FIRST AID

What is First Aid?

First Aid is the provision of emergency care for an injured or ill person(s) prior to the arrival of professional medical personnel on the scene.  It is important to remember you are not being trained as a paramedic, nurse or doctor.  Your role is to provide basic support for the casualty until you are relieved by professional assistance.

It is the initial care of the sick or injured prior to medical care; your ability to remain calm and in control is an important part of successfully managing a casualty situation. Gaining confidence in your own abilities to deal with the situations that may arise is the key focus of this course.

A major role in first aid treatment is reassuring the casualty, thereby gaining his or her trust through your ability to confidently manage an accident, illness or injury situation through effective and appropriate communication.

·   First aid ranges from applying an adhesive dressing to being able to assist in a life threatening emergency.

You will also be providing accident scene management to ensure the further safety of the casualty, yourself, other rescuers and outside observers and bystanders.  Part of accident scene management is the recording of details of the scene and the casualty’s condition.  This information is to be given to the professionals who arrive on scene.

First Aid can be split into to 2 segments, primary and secondary care.

Primary careteaches you to provide assistance in response to immediate life threatening situations.  This includes topics such as:

·   Safety assessment of the accident scene

·   Arranging immediate medical aid

·   Assessing who at the scene may be able to assist you

·   Use of personal barriers for protection from communicable disease

·   Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) for adult and child and infants

·   Airway management for adults and children including obstructions

·   Managing both a conscious and unconscious casualty

o    Management of suspected head and spinal injury

o    Shock management

Secondary careteaches you to provide assistance in response to non-immediate life threatening situations.  This includes topics such as:

·   Injury and Illness assessments

·   Obtaining the history of the casualty’s condition

·   Monitoring the casualty’s condition and reassuring them

·   Effective bandaging. (This segment will be conducted interactively with First Aid International trainers)

·   Splint making, for stabilising dislocations and fractures

·   Immobilisation of the casualty

·   Bleeding

·   Burns

·   Breaks

Many other issues will also be addressed during this course including:

allergic reactions, burns both chemical and non-chemical, electrical injuries, eye injuries, assembling and maintaining a first aid kit, frostbite and hypothermia, heat exhaustion and heatstroke, heart attack, insect / rodent / snake bites and stings, poisoning and seizures.

REMEMBER, it is important for you to do something.  This training will provide you with the state of mental preparedness to ACT when faced with an emergency situation.  The quicker you respond, the better the chance the casualty will recover.

Easing of anxiety and discomfortis extremely important in provision of emergency aid.  You are treating aperson as well as an injury or situation.  By combining calming reassurance with good First Aid management you will, in most cases, immediately reduce the pain, stress and anxiety levels of the casualty. This is vital in controlling and minimising the escalation of shock.

Remember, if you stay calm, they stay calm; if you panic, they will panic!

A lot of people are concerned with legal issues pertaining to the provision of First Aid.  You will not incur any legal ramifications if you act to the best of your ability, following what you have learned in this First Aid course. The states have particular legislation and Acts to protect you as long as you stay within first aid guidelines, and within the training you have been given.

Legal Issues

The following guidelines should be utilized only as a reference point for rendering First Aid.  If you have any specific concerns or issues, please consult with a legal professional.  As a provider of First Aid you are not expected to perform as a medical professional.  First Aid providers should act in a responsible, prudent manner.  You are performing First Aid as a good faith act in the best interest of the casualty.  Remember, the quicker you act, the better the chance for the casualty to fully recover.

As a non-medical professional provider, you will provide First Aid to the best of your ability.  As a non-professional medical person, you are not expected to be perfect.  It is also an unfortunate fact that not every situation will turn out as we all would like.

There are 4 main legal considerations involved with rendering First Aid, they are:

Duty of Care

Within the realm of Australian law, an individual, whether a qualified first Aid provider or not, is not legally required to stop and render assistance to an injured or ill person except in specific situations.  Each individual provider’s personal moral code will play a decisive role in their personal decision as to whether they will render first aid.  Common law principles do not place a duty on you to provide first aid in every situation you may encounter. Once you decide to provide first aid, you then owe that person/s a duty of care to provide that aid in a manner appropriate to the circumstances, according to the needs and wishes of that person/s. Furthermore, you must ensure your actions in treating and assisting the casualty will not result in further risk to the casualty, and that care continues until the casualty no longer requires your assistance, or medical aid takes over from you.

Legislation can, however, impose a duty of care, determined by the terms of your employment, if you have voluntarily taken on the role of the first aid officer in the workplace.

There are specific situations, which may arise, that require you to provide assistance.  Some examples of these are:

If you are the driver of a vehicle involved in an accident, you must stop and render First Aid, to the best of your ability, to ANY injured person resulting from the accident.  This rule applies even if you are NOT trained to provide First Aid.

As an employee of a given company, you have been trained and designated as the First Aid provider and are being compensatedaccordingly.  If you function in this capacity within your workplace, you must render First Aid to the best of your abilities.

Within the work environment, your responsibility to provide First Aid is primary over any other duties.  The Duty of Care takes precedence over any authority the employer may have over the First Aid provider or the casualty.

If you have assumed responsibility for caretaking of another individual, i.e. a child, an invalid or a disabled person, and that person requires First Aid; you must render First Aid to the best of your ability.

Once you commence providing first aid, you must continue providing that aid until the casualty no longer requires your assistance, or medical aid relieves of that responsibility. You may NOT avoid your responsibilities by terminating First Aid provision in the middle of the situation.

Quite naturally, once professional medical personnel have arrived on the scene, you will relinquish control of the situation to these professionals.  You must however still maintain a presence to assist in providing First Aid in any manner which may be asked of you.  When turning the victim over to the medical professionals, the items you have noted in your record keeping will be of assistance.

If you have not had the chance to write down your observations, once relieved by the medical professionals, stay in the area and write them down.  We will go into this further in the Record Keeping segment.

Negligence

Negligence of care provision can only be proven if ALL of the following requirements have been established:

The First Aid provider failed to act within the guidelines of Duty of Care

The proper level of care, as outlined within the Duty of Care, was not rendered

Further injury was incurred due to the provision of First Aid

The First Aid provider gave care which exceeded their training level or the First Aid provider acted in a reckless or careless manner.

This brings up a question which is on all First Aid provider minds;

“What if the individual is in imminent further danger and must be moved at the risk of further injury, am I being negligent?”  The answer is simply, NO.  You have exercised your Duty of Care by prudently assessing the scene and determining that the casualty would be in more danger or possibly even under threat of loss of life, by leaving them in the situation.  You have met your Duty of Care obligation by taking a reasonable and prudent, good faith act, with the best interest of the casualty in mind.

If you are hesitantto provide First Aid, remember that they will have

A MUCH better chance for full recovery if you provide immediate assistance.  As you may recall from the first lesson; “IT IS IMPORTANT FOR YOU TO DO SOMETHING”.

Consent

Australian law provides that an individual retains control of their own personal being and as such, that individual may bring charges if touched without consent.

They further maintain the right to accept or reject medical and/or First Aid treatment, assistance or advice.  The casualty may do this with either professional medical personnel or a First Aid provider.  If rejected, DO NOT FORCE provision of First Aid on them. 

Make a note in your records for the proper authorities that the casualty refused aid.

The injured person also maintains his or her right to consult with the medical professional of their own choosing.

‘Implied Consent’ may come into play with emergency situations.  If the casualty is unconscious or seriously injured, i.e. bleeding profusely, the law allows for ‘Implied Consent’.  The application of ‘Implied Consent’ may only be allowed if the casualty is in a life threatening situation or their future health is in jeopardy.

In a situation that involves infants or small children, it is always best to obtain consent from a parent or guardian.  If none are available and it is an emergency situation, the law allows the provider to take ‘reasonable action’ without formal consent.

Record Keeping

As has been stated throughout, keeping written records of incidents is extremely important.  It will not only serve the provider when transferring responsibility to medical professionals but also mandatory within the work environment.  By law you are required to record all incidents in the work place, whether First Aid has been provided or not.  Another side benefit of recording all incidents and accidents in the workplace is that it provides the employer with a means to evaluate safety procedures and implement more effective controls, as may be required.

In the event the incident ended up in a court of law, you would have detailed notes which also help serve to protect you and others.  There would be no question of your recollection of the incident, services rendered or services rejected. By recording vital details as soon as possible, you are recording information that is still clear and fresh in your mind. In stressful or difficult situations, important facts and details are easily missed or forgotten. Notes taken at the time of the incident or accident are called contemporaneous notes. Ensure you keep the information detailed and accurate, focusing on facts only, not speculation. Do not include opinions of other people in your notes.

CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION - D.R.S.A.B.C.D

When approaching any accident scene, you must endeavour to follow all safety guidelines to minimise risks to yourself, bystanders and any casualties, as well as removing the possibility of further danger or injury to all concerned. Another primary reason to implement these procedures is to ensure no steps are omitted and to ensure the best possible outcome.

Wherever possible, ascertain the history of the incident. This will assist in determining the nature of any risks or dangers to anyone involved at the scene. Look at the casualty or casualties for indications as to what may have occurred.

By focusing on a simple acronym, the steps to assist you will follow a very clear process. That acronym isDRSABCD and is the action plan for any situation where the casualty may be unconscious, or where life-threatening circumstances are immediately apparent.

·   D– Danger (to, in order of priority, you, the bystanders, and the casualty)

·   R– Response (are they conscious / aware?)

·   S – Send for help (Call 000 – bystander calls ideally)

·   A – Airway (look for obstructions, make sure it is clear & then open)

·   B– Breathing (look, listen, feel for normal breathing)

·   C– Compressions (commence chest compressions)

·   D– Defibrillation (use Automated External Defibrillator,  if available, & follow the prompts)

LIFE THREATENING SITUATIONS ARE ALWAYS IDENTIFIED AND HANDLED FIRST

The steps involved in accomplishing the DRSABCD action plan are also referred to as the Primary Survey.

The Secondary Survey, discussed later, involves a complete physical head to toe examination of the casualty and further questioning to assess and manage injuries which are not immediately life threatening.

 

Primary Survey - DRSABCD

In all emergency situations, the first aider must;

·   Assess the situation quickly

·   Ensure safety for self, bystanders and the casualty

·   Call for help

·   Follow the Basic Life Support guidelines and commence first aid procedures.

Assess Danger

This procedure includes looking at the accident scene to ensure YOU, the casualty involved in the accident and bystanders are not in further danger.  If the casualty has experienced a snake bite, for example, you want to make sure the offending creature is not poised to hurt anyone else in the vicinity or harm the casualty further. 

Other potential dangers could include:

·   Live electrical wiring downed in the area from a storm or traffic accident

·   Fumes, chemicals, falling objects, gas leaks, storm debris or road traffic

·   Environmental dangers – the road or footpath on a very hot day, weather conditions, etc.

Whatever the danger presented, the first aider should take every precaution to remove or minimize the Danger, prior to beginning further steps of the DRSABCD procedure.

Be prepared to minimise the danger to yourself by following practical infection-control procedures. Implement the use of barriers such as face masks or gloves, etc. for personal protection.

Assess Responsiveness

An important point to remember when approaching the casualty to assess their responsiveness is to NEVER SHAKE them. This can cause further injury. If there are multiple casualties involved, any that appear to be unconscious are of primary concern for attention.  A casualty who may be shouting or screaming IS breathing, focus attention on the unconscious casualties, but don’t forget the quiet ones.

A simple method to remember for assessing responsiveness is the COWS method:

·   C– Can you hear me?

·   O– Can you open your eyes?

·   W– What is your name? Who are you? What happened?

·   S  – Squeeze my hands

If the individual is CONSCIOUS and able to respond, calmly inform him or her who you are and seek permission to help. If they tell you not to touch them, you can’t touch them. However, you do not need their consent to call an ambulance. If, in your assessment, an ambulance is needed, CALL 000.  If unsure, never be afraid to call an ambulance.  Wait with the casualty until medical assistance arrives.  By remaining in the area, should the casualty become unconscious, appropriate First Aid procedures may be implemented.

If the individual is UNCONSCIOUS, call 000 immediately.  Ideally, have a bystander make the call to free you up to continue to assess and manage the casualty as information is relayed.

Assess the Airway

The easiest position in which to assess an individual’s Airway and Breathing is with the individual lying on the back.  Look into the casualty’s mouth.  If you see any liquid or solid material, place him or her on their side in the recovery position and clear the airway.

Many versions of the recovery position exist; consider the following when rolling the person onto their side.

·   The casualty should be in as near a true lateral position as possible, with the face towards the ground to allow drainage of fluid.

·   The position needs to be stable

·   Any pressure to the chest that may impede breathing should be avoided

·   It should be possible to move the casualty to the side, and return to the back easily and safely to minimise risk of spinal damage.

·   Good observation of, and access to the airway should be possible

·   The position itself should not give rise to further injury

·   Women in late pregnancy should be rolled onto their LEFT side wherever possible, to minimiserestriction of circulation.

There are exceptions where the individual should be immediately placed into the recovery position to clear the airway:

·   If the individual has experienced a submersion injury (drowning / partial drowning)

·   The airway is obstructed with fluid such as vomit or blood

·   History shows they have an airway obstruction – e.g. choking.

To check the casualty’s airway, use one hand only to gently pull the lower jaw down. Stabilise the head with the other hand on the forehead to reduce movement. Look inside their mouth. DO NOT tilt their head back until you have made an initial check of the mouth, as this will lift the tongue and allow any fluid or objects in the mouth to enter the windpipe. If you see nothing in the mouth then tilt the head back gently to check further.

This is called the Head Tilt / Chin Lift technique:

·   Place one hand on the individual’s forehead

·   Place two fingers under the chin

·   Gently tilt the head back while gently lifting the weight of the head just slightly

·   Gently lift the chin with the two fingers opening the airway

Check for (Normal) Breathing

Look, Listen and Feelby kneeling down and with your cheek and ear next to the casualty’s mouth and nose area, looking down the body towards the abdomen:

·   Lookat the upper abdomen and chest to see if it is rising and falling

·   Listento hear if they are breathing, gasping or not breathing

·   Feelfor their breath on your cheek and / or rise and fall of the chest with your hand on the diaphragm

Take a FULL 10 seconds to perform the Look, Listen and Feel evaluation.  You need to be sure of what you are finding.

Normal breathing is rhythmic, in & out, not one way. Normal breathing is usually 12 – 20 breaths per minute.

Gasping is NOT considered normal breathing.  Breathing MUST be normal.  If you are not CERTAIN that breathing is normal, assume there is no breathing present.

If the casualty is unconscious and breathing NORMALLY, place him or her into the Recovery Position.  To do this:

·   Place the arm furthest from you straight out to the side

·   Place the other arm across their chest

·   Raise the knee nearest to you to its highest apex (foot as close to the buttocks as possible)

·   Using the shoulder and the knee nearest to you, gently roll them away from you, onto their side

·   Once on their side, continue to raise the knee so it is at right angles to their body to help stabilize them. Roll the uppermost shoulder forward slightly so that their face and mouth are directed to the floor for drainage.

Call 000 immediately, if not already done, or designate someone else to call 000.  If a phone is not readily available or you are alone, shout for help.  It may be necessary to momentarily leave the individual in the Recovery Position to seek help.

·   Continue to closely monitor the casualty’s breathing until medical assistance arrives. The unconscious, breathing casualty must remain in the recovery position to maintain a clear and open airway. Unconscious casualties should NEVER be left on the back.

·   Perform Secondary Survey, providing treatment as normally prescribed

·   Await arrival of professional medical assistance

The combination of rescue breathing and chest compressions is quite often referred to as CPR orCardiopulmonary Resuscitation.  Remember your ABCs, the central components of the DRSABCDprocedures.  This will allow you to easily and quickly move from Airway to Breathing to Compressions, thus ensuring circulation is restored to the body as quickly as possible.

If the casualty is NOT breathing normally:  Begin chest compressions immediately.

Providing Chest Compressions

If you are unwilling to perform rescue breathing, perform the chest compressions alone.  REMEMBER it is better to do something than do nothing. 

Kneel down beside the casualtywith one knee at approximately shoulder height and the other at approximately mid-stomach height on the casualty’s body.  This should place you on the central portion of the casualty’s chest area.

·   Place the heel of one of your hands in the centre of the casualty’s chest, on the lower half of their sternum.

·   Position your other hand on top of the first hand, interlocking your fingers

·   Pull your fingers backso only the heel of your first hand is in contact with the individual’s chest area

·   Raise up on your knees so your arms are straight and vertical to the individual with your chest and shoulders above the compression point to allow you to apply your weight

Compress the chest to approximately 1/3 of the original depth of the chest.  If unsure, press harder rather than softer.

Use your body weight, not your arm muscles to perform chest compressions.  Using your arm muscles will tire you much quicker.

Chest compressionsneed to be performed at a fairly rapid pace (about two compressions per second).  It helps to count aloud.  The cycle for performing chest compressions is:

·   30 chest compressions

·   2 rescue breaths

To perform Rescue Breathing

·   Open the casualty’s airway using the Head Tilt / Chin Lift procedure

·   In combination with the Head Tilt / Chin Lift, the nasal passage must be sealed by either pinching the nostrils or using your cheek to seal the nose

·   Perform 2 rescue breaths

·   With a tight seal around the individual’s mouth, using a pocket mask, lip guards or your lips,blow for approximately 1 second while keeping notice of the chest rising out of the corner of your eye

·   If the chest does not rise with the first breath

o    Repositionusing the Head Tilt / Chin Lift procedure

o    Ensure the nasal passages are sealed

o    Re-administerthe first rescue breath

·   If the chest rises with the first breath, prepare to perform the second rescue breath

·   Give the second rescue breath exactly as the first rescue breath was provided

·   Only breathe hard enough to see some movement of the chest.  Do not overinflate the chest as this is less effective over time and could result in unnecessary and dangerous regurgitation.

As a simple guide for pace, five of these cycles should be completed in approximately 2 minutes.  It is a rapid pace and must be continued until:

·   Professional medical assistance arrives and relieves you

·   The casualty begins to breath normally

·   It becomes too dangerous to continue

·   You become too exhausted to continue

·   Another First Aid Provider takes over for you

·   The individual begins to vomit or regurgitate, go back to the steps for clearing the Airway

·   A medical doctor pronounces the casualty to be deceased

If performing CPR on a woman in the latter stages of pregnancy, left lateral tilt must be implemented to ensure effective circulation. To achieve this, either;

·   Put something under the woman’s right hip, such as a pillow, folded blanket or towel, cushion, etc.

·   Make a fist with their right hand, and push this under the right buttock.

This ensures the baby is moved off the vein that returns blood to the heart.

If you can’t do the rescue breaths, or if you are uncomfortable with doing the rescue breaths, do the compressions only. ANYTHING is better than NOTHING!

Assess Defibrillation

Defibrillation through the use of an Automated External Defibrillator (AED) should be performed as early as possible for the best chance of a positive outcome.

A machineutilized to provide a small electric shock to the body to return the electrical rhythm of the heart to normal is called a Defibrillator.  While CPR has been proven to continue oxygen enriched blood circulation to the heart, brain and other vital organs, it is not a standalone remedy. The casualty will need to be ‘shocked’ so that the heart and breathing may have the opportunity to return to normal functions.

If an AED is available, turn it on, follow the prompts and attach the pads to the casualty’s bared chest. These machines have audio prompts which are designed to talk you through step by step instructions.  The use of a Defibrillator is also not a standalone remedy to treat Cardiac Arrest. Each step in the ‘Chain of Survival’ must be performed to increase the casualty’s chance of recovery.

The four “links” in the Chain of Survival are:

·   Early access

·   Early CPR                                                                                        

·   Early defibrillation

·   Early advanced care (by professionals) 

Infants and Children

Infants are classified as children up to 1 year of age.  Children are classified as 1 through 8 years of age. For the purpose of First Aid, casualties over the age of 8 are classified as Adults. 

Resuscitation for both infants and children is the largely the same process as for adults.  However, it differs in a few areas, based on where they are at in their development. 

To ensure a seal to be able to deliver breaths to an infant, you will need to cover both the open mouth and nose with your mouth.  You need only “puff” from the cheeks to be able to deliver enough air.

As an adult, the airway is fully formed and, therefore, supported by rings of cartilage.  That means when we give head tilt to an adult, because of those rings of cartilage, the airway stays in shape and does not narrow or collapse.

Infants do not have rings of cartilage yet. So applying head tilt as a method of opening their airway will actually have the effect of “kinking” it, and they will be unable to breathe.

If the infant or child is breathing, place them in the recovery position.

·   Infants - DO NOT perform a full head tilt,keep their head in a  ‘neutral’ position and assist the airway by gently maintaining a slight jaw lifting position

·   Children- perform a full, normal head tilt position

Monitor their Airway and Breathing, call 000 for Ambulance or designate someone else to call.

·   If the infant or child is NOT breathing

o    Call 000 for ambulance or designate someone else to call.

o    Commence chest compressions

§  For infants, use two fingers

§  For children, use two hands (if required to achieve depth)

§  Ensure compressions achieve 1/3 depth of the chest.  Do not be afraid to apply sufficient pressure.

·   Perform the Chest Compressions to Rescue Breaths cycle at:

o    30 compressions to 2 Rescue Breaths

o    5 cycles should be performed every 2 minutes

Special Considerations when performing Rescue Breathing

In specific circumstances it may become necessary to modify ‘normal’ Rescue Breathing techniques.  These can occur when:

·   An injury dictates an alternative method, such as a potential head or neck injury where the minimizing of movement of the areas is imperative,

·   Dealing with a pregnant woman

·   The individual has a STOMA in place

·   A pocket mask is being utilized

·   In water rescue situations

·   The First Aid provider decides an alternate method is more appropriate

One of the most common modifications associated with Rescue Breathing is Mouth to Nose.  This method may have to be performed if the individual has sustained serious injury to the mouth area. To accomplish this:

·   Close the casualty’s mouth with the hand supporting the jaw

·   Apply the Head Tilt and seal the mouth with the thumb

·   Blow into the casualty’s nose

·   Turn your head to Look, Listen and Feel

Performing Mouth to Mask provides both the rescuer and casualty the most hygienic means of performing Rescue Breathing.  To accomplish this method:

·   Position yourself at the head or side of the individual

·   Place the mask firmly sealed over the casualty’s mouth and nose

·   Maintain the Head Tilt / Jaw Lift position

·   Breathe into the mask

·   Turn your head to Look, Listen and Feel

DO NOT DELAY  performance of Resuscitation while waiting for a mask to arrive.

There are numerous people who have gone through surgery to remove the upper portion of their windpipe and must breathe through an apparatus implanted in their throat area.  This device is called aSTOMA.  Rescue Breathing can be performed for an individual with this apparatus if they cease breathing.

If you unsure about, or uncomfortable with, breathing through the stoma, simply commence the cardiac compressions and continue with just the compressions.

In some cases you may not notice the STOMA until you have performed the Head Tilt.  You may see a tube protruding from the STOMA enabling the hole to remain open so the individual can breathe.  MAKE SURE THE TUBE STAYS IN PLACE.  If you note a valve on the tube, the valve must be removed prior to Rescue Breathing so that the air may enter.

Rescue breathing in this instance is accomplished as follows:

·   Ensure the STOMA or tube is not blocked

·   Seal your mouth around the STOMA

·   Sealthe individual’s mouth and nasal passages to ensure air does not escape

As stated above, if you have any concerns with breathing through the stoma, simply commence the cardiac compressions and continue with just the compressions.

ANYTHINGis better than NOTHING!

Secondary Survey

Remember the secondary survey is NOT to be performed until all immediately life threatening situations have been addressed.  The steps involved in the Secondary Survey are designed to:

·   Provide a gentle, yet probing head to toe examination of the individual. This includes both visual observation and physical contact

As the First Aid Provider you are trying to find out if the casualty has:

·   Any other life threatening injuries

·   Signs or symptoms of shock

·   Injuries which may be treated using the methods taught throughout this course

The Secondary Survey is a head-to-toe physical and visual check. Start at the top of the head, gently palpate (feel with the full length of your fingers) the skull area, working down around the ears and to the back of the head and neck. Continue feeling down the casualty’s body, including areas not easily visible, looking for the following;

·   Fractures and dislocations

·   Bumps and bruising

·   Wet spots which could indicate a bleed or burn

·   Medi-alert bracelets which could provide a medical ‘history’ of what may have happened

·   Signs of envenomation – bites or scratches.

·   Most importantly – continually monitor the airway and breathing!